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- $Unique_ID{BRK04175}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Infant}
- $Subject{Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Infant Infantile Respiratory Distress
- Syndrome IRDS Hyaline Membrane Disease Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult
- Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Pneumonia Bronchial Asthma Emphysema }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 618:
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Infant
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Respiratory Distress
- Syndrome, Infant) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM
- listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- IRDS
- Hyaline Membrane Disease
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult
- Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
- Pneumonia
- Bronchial Asthma
- Emphysema
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a lung disorder which tends to
- affect premature infants. Major symptoms include difficulty in breathing and
- collapsed lungs which may require mechanical ventilation or positive end-
- expiratory pressure (PEEP).
-
- Symptoms
-
- Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome is characterized by diminished oxygen
- intake in the premature newborn. A clear membrane is found lining the
- alveolar (air cell) ducts in the lungs and is associated with reduced amounts
- of lung wetting agents or emulsifier (surfactant). The surfactant is a
- lipoprotein based on lecithin that stabilizes alveolar membranes. When this
- surfactant is missing, breathing is difficult and may lead to collapse of a
- lung. The affected infant must be placed on some type of ventilation, either
- mechanical or physical, in order to continue breathing.
-
- Causes
-
- Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome is caused by the absence of a natural
- lung wetting agent (surfactant) in the immature lungs of infants. Since
- surfactant normally develops late in prenatal life it usually is not present
- in the very premature infant of about 26-36 weeks of gestational age. This
- can result in improper functioning of the alveoli (air cells) of the lungs
- causing breathing difficulties and collapsed lungs.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome affects male and female premature
- infants in equal numbers. Among approximately 250,000 infants born
- prematurely each year in the United States, up to 50,000 will have IRDS which
- will kill approximately 5,000 of them. Due in large part to the use of
- surfactants beginning in 1989, infant mortality rates in the United States
- have dropped from 9.7 per 1,000 births in 1989 to 8.9 per 1,000 births in
- 1991.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Infant
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, although they tend to affect older children or
- adults:
-
- Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a lung disorder caused by direct
- injury to the lungs or acute illness. It often occurs in conjunction with
- other illnesses and is characterized by the inability to breathe properly.
- Mechanical ventilation, surgical insertion of a breathing tube (tracheotomy)
- or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is usually necessary to aid in
- breathing. Secondary complications may occur resulting in pneumonia, blood
- poisoning (sepsis) or other infections. Chronic lung disease, multiple organ
- system failure and irreversible respiratory dysfunction may also occur. (For
- more information on this disorder, choose "Adult Respiratory Distress
- Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis is a rare lung disorder characterized by
- breathing difficulty that gradually becomes more severe, especially following
- exertion. The air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are filled with a granular
- material (phospholipid) consisting mostly of protein and fat. Certain cells
- called macrophages, that usually swallow inhaled particles in the lung
- alveoli, can be found in the phospholipid material. This disorder may spread
- throughout the lungs or be confined to a small area. It may progress, remain
- stable, or spontaneously clear. (For more information on this disorder,
- choose "Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis" as your search term in the Rare
- Disease Database).
-
- Pneumonia is marked by excessive accumulation of fluid in the lungs due
- to an infection. Symptoms such as fever, cough, large amounts of mucous
- production (sputum), fluid in surrounding the lungs (pleurisy) and/or chills
- occur. Chest pain, headache, diarrhea, sore throat and fever blisters may
- also develop. Shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, decreased
- exercise tolerance and night sweats are characteristic. Pneumonia occurs
- frequently in middle-aged to older adults with various underlying diseases.
- It can occur in persons of all ages, statistically most often in winter and
- early spring. Pneumonia can be caused by various bacteria, viruses, and
- fungi.
-
- Bronchial Asthma is a common respiratory disease due to many different
- causes, airway irritability of unknown causes, and airway inflammation. Most
- of these problems are treatable. Asthma affects 2 to 6 percent of the U.S.
- population. It usually begins before the age of ten in about one-half of all
- patients and occurs twice as often in males as in females.
-
- Emphysema is characterized by abnormal difficulty in breathing upon
- exertion. As the disease advances it becomes more and more difficult for the
- patients to breathe. In advanced stages, breathing even at rest is
- difficult. The patient becomes thin and malnourished-appearing with a
- barrel-shaped chest, and appears to be in respiratory distress even during
- mild exertion as indicated by noisy expulsion of air. Lack of elasticity in
- lung tissue obstructs the airflow during exhalation. There is loss of lung
- tissue with abnormally enlarged air spaces. The causes of Emphysema may
- include air pollution, smoking, occupational exposure to mineral dust,
- vegetable dusts and fibers. Regularly inhaled fumes and gases, infection and
- heredity may also play an important part in the development of Emphysema.
- The disease may progress even with intensive treatment and after stopping
- smoking. However, one hereditary type of Emphysema (Alpha-1-Antitrypsin
- Deficiency) is treatable with the orphan drug Prolastin. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "alpha-1-Antitrypsin" as your search
- term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome consists of mechanical or
- physical breathing assistance such as positive end expiratory pressure
- (PEEP). Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Exosurf Pediatric is a synthetic lung surfactant which was approved for
- use in August of 1990 by the FDA for treatment of Infant Respiratory Distress
- Syndrome. The treatment consists of a single dose given 30 minutes after
- birth to high risk infants. This synthetic form of lung surfactant is
- manufactured by Burroughs Wellcome.
-
- Survanta developed by Abbott Labs is another pediatric surfactant which
- is derived from bovine tissues. There is also great improvement in the
- infants treated with this product.
-
- Surfactant TA and Human Surf have both been approved by the FDA for treatment
- of Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- New drugs are being developed to replace the missing surfactant in the lungs
- of infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
-
- A new orphan drug is being tested in the treatment of premature infants
- weighing less than 1500 grams. Recombinant Human Super-Oxide Dismutase is
- manufactured by Bio-Technology General Corp. and is for treatment to prevent
- bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the premature infant.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- July 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- American Lung Association
- 1740 Broadway
- New York, NY 10019
- (212) 315-8700
-
- NIH/National Heart, Blood & Lung Institute (NHBLI)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4236
-
- References
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and
- Co., 1987. Pp. 576.
-
- CHANGES IN PULMONARY MECHANICS AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF SURFACTANT TO
- INFANTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; J.M. Davis, et al.; N Engl J Med
- (August 25, 1988, issue 319 (8)). Pp.476-479.
-
- PULMONARY SURFACTANT REPLACEMENT IN RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME. D.
- Vidyasagar, et al.; Clin Perinatol (December, 1987, issue 14 (4)). Pp. 991-
- 1015.
-
- RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF EXOGENOUS SURFACTANT FOR THE TREATMENT OF
- HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE. J. D. Gitlin, et al.; Pediatrics (January, 1987,
- issue 79 (1)). Pp. 31-37.
-
-